Electromagnetism2 2006-06-07 15:27:05 2006-06-11 23:10:50 Definition % this is the default PlanetPhysics preamble. as your knowledge % of TeX increases, you will probably want to edit this, but % it should be fine as is for beginners. % almost certainly you want these \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amsfonts} % used for TeXing text within eps files %\usepackage{psfrag} % need this for including graphics (\includegraphics) %\usepackage{graphicx} % for neatly defining theorems and propositions %\usepackage{amsthm} % making logically defined graphics %\usepackage{xypic} % there are many more packages, add them here as you need them % define commands here \subsection{Introduction to Electromagnetism} Electromagnetism evolved out of the work of Oersted, Faraday, Coulomb and Ampere during the 1800s. These investigators conducted the basic experiments that led to electromagnetism being the leading science it is today. A short synopsis of the developments: 1. Oersted observed that electric current produced magnet motion, the motor effect. 2. Faraday developed the generator effect, magnet motion produced electricity. 3. William Rowan Hamilton developed Quaternions while trying to rotate a line in three dimensional space. Hamilton found it took four dimensions, three vectors (i,j and k) and one scalar dimension (1) to do the rotation. Hamilton's vectors are non-commutative ij=k but ji= -k. Hamilton's Rules for quaternions are: \begin{equation} i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = ijk = - 1 \end{equation} Hamilton also developed the Vector Differential Operator, Nabla: \begin{equation} \nabla = id/dx + jd/dy + kd/dz \end{equation} Nabla allowed for a vector calculus but not a quaternion calculus. Adding a scalar derivative gives a Quaternion Differential Operator, called Kepera $X$; \begin{equation} X = d/cdt + \nabla = R + \nabla \end{equation} 4. Maxwell's A TREATISE ON ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM, 1873, CHAPTER XX "ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF LIGHT" was a watershed in science. Here Maxwell and Faraday challenged the scientific establishment which since Newton had supported the idea of "Action at a distance". Maxwell believed in a transmission medium through which electricity propagated, the Ether. \subsection{Quantum Constants} Maxwell's Ether was dismissed but lives on in the so-called "free space", vacuum impedance, 'z'. The Vacuum impedance is the ratio of the Quantum Magnetic Charge W=500 atto Webers(volt seconds)and the Quantum Electric Charge C=4/3 atto Coulombs. \begin{equation} z= W/C = 500/(4/3) = 375 ~Ohms \end{equation} Planck's Constant is the product of the Quantum Magnetic and Electric Charge: \begin{equation} h = WC = 2000/3 ~atto ~atto ~Joule ~Seconds: \end{equation} \subsection{Electric Fields} $E_q$ is the quaternion E-field consisting of a scalar and a vector(bolded), \begin{equation} E_q = E + \mathbf{E} \end{equation} E is the force(Newton) per unit electric charge, $E= N/q$. The other fields are related to the E-field by 'c' the speed of light and 'z' the vacuum impedance. \begin{equation} E = cB = zH = zcD \end{equation} \subsection{Conservation Equation} The Laws of Electromagnetism can be summarized in the Quaternion Conservation Equation: \begin{equation} XE_q = (\frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial } {\partial t} + \nabla )( E + \mathbf{E}) = 0 \end{equation} \begin{equation} XE_q = (\frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial E} {\partial t} - \nabla \cdot \mathbf{E}) + ( \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial \mathbf{E}} {\partial t} + \nabla \times \mathbf{E} + \nabla E) = 0 \end{equation} \subsection{Wave Equation} The Second Quaternion Derivative is the Curve of the field and is given by the quaternion multiplication of $X^2E_q$. This results in two wave equations, a scalar longitudinal wave and a vector transverse wave. \begin{equation} X^2E_q =((\frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial^2 } {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 ) + \frac{2}{c} \frac{\partial } {\partial t} \nabla ) ( E + \mathbf{E}). \end{equation} \begin{equation} X^2E_q =((\frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial^2 } {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 )E - \frac{2}{c} \frac{\partial } {\partial t} \nabla \cdot \mathbf{E}) + ((\frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial^2 } {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 )\mathbf{E} + \frac{2}{c} \frac{\partial } {\partial t} (\nabla \times \mathbf{E} + \nabla {E})) \end{equation} \subsection{Summary} These equations are different in that only the Electric field is used. It should be standard to only use one field. Maxwell's clue that light and electricity were the same came from the relationship $c=E/B$. The Magnetic field B can be substituted for $E/c$. Another difference here is the use of Quaternions. "Real math" and "Complex math" are commutative "subsets" of Quaternion math. Nature and physics is mostly non-commutative. It is like trying to view the world through two dimensional pictures. Hamilton's quaternions continue to be overlooked , but continue cropping up in Electromagnetism, Quantum and Relativity reality!