ETAC ETAC 2009-01-22 05:20:29 2009-02-18 04:02:19 Topic overview of the Content of PlanetPhysics elementary theory of abstract categories sentence formula theorem elementary theory of abstract categories sentence formula theorem \usepackage{amsmath, amssymb, amsfonts, amsthm, amscd, latexsym} \usepackage{xypic} \usepackage[mathscr]{eucal} \theoremstyle{plain} \newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}[section] \newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}[section] \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section] \newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[section] \theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{definition}{Definition}[section] \newtheorem{example}{Example}[section] %\theoremstyle{remark} \newtheorem{remark}{Remark}[section] \newtheorem*{notation}{Notation} \newtheorem*{claim}{Claim} \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\ensuremath{\fnsymbol{footnote%%@ }}} \numberwithin{equation}{section} \newcommand{\Ad}{{\rm Ad}} \newcommand{\Aut}{{\rm Aut}} \newcommand{\Cl}{{\rm Cl}} \newcommand{\Co}{{\rm Co}} \newcommand{\DES}{{\rm DES}} \newcommand{\Diff}{{\rm Diff}} \newcommand{\Dom}{{\rm Dom}} \newcommand{\Hol}{{\rm Hol}} \newcommand{\Mon}{{\rm Mon}} \newcommand{\Hom}{{\rm Hom}} \newcommand{\Ker}{{\rm Ker}} \newcommand{\Ind}{{\rm Ind}} \newcommand{\IM}{{\rm Im}} \newcommand{\Is}{{\rm Is}} \newcommand{\ID}{{\rm id}} \newcommand{\GL}{{\rm GL}} \newcommand{\Iso}{{\rm Iso}} \newcommand{\Sem}{{\rm Sem}} \newcommand{\St}{{\rm St}} \newcommand{\Sym}{{\rm Sym}} \newcommand{\SU}{{\rm SU}} \newcommand{\Tor}{{\rm Tor}} \newcommand{\U}{{\rm U}} \newcommand{\A}{\mathcal A} \newcommand{\Ce}{\mathcal C} \newcommand{\D}{\mathcal D} \newcommand{\E}{\mathcal E} \newcommand{\F}{\mathcal F} \newcommand{\G}{\mathcal G} \newcommand{\Q}{\mathcal Q} \newcommand{\R}{\mathcal R} \newcommand{\cS}{\mathcal S} \newcommand{\cU}{\mathcal U} \newcommand{\W}{\mathcal W} \newcommand{\bA}{\mathbb{A}} \newcommand{\bB}{\mathbb{B}} \newcommand{\bC}{\mathbb{C}} \newcommand{\bD}{\mathbb{D}} \newcommand{\bE}{\mathbb{E}} \newcommand{\bF}{\mathbb{F}} \newcommand{\bG}{\mathbb{G}} \newcommand{\bK}{\mathbb{K}} \newcommand{\bM}{\mathbb{M}} \newcommand{\bN}{\mathbb{N}} \newcommand{\bO}{\mathbb{O}} \newcommand{\bP}{\mathbb{P}} \newcommand{\bR}{\mathbb{R}} \newcommand{\bV}{\mathbb{V}} \newcommand{\bZ}{\mathbb{Z}} \newcommand{\bfE}{\mathbf{E}} \newcommand{\bfX}{\mathbf{X}} \newcommand{\bfY}{\mathbf{Y}} \newcommand{\bfZ}{\mathbf{Z}} \renewcommand{\O}{\Omega} \renewcommand{\o}{\omega} \newcommand{\vp}{\varphi} \newcommand{\vep}{\varepsilon} \newcommand{\diag}{{\rm diag}} \newcommand{\grp}{{\mathbb G}} \newcommand{\dgrp}{{\mathbb D}} \newcommand{\desp}{{\mathbb D^{\rm{es}}}} \newcommand{\Geod}{{\rm Geod}} \newcommand{\geod}{{\rm geod}} \newcommand{\hgr}{{\mathbb H}} \newcommand{\mgr}{{\mathbb M}} \newcommand{\ob}{{\rm Ob}} \newcommand{\obg}{{\rm Ob(\mathbb G)}} \newcommand{\obgp}{{\rm Ob(\mathbb G')}} \newcommand{\obh}{{\rm Ob(\mathbb H)}} \newcommand{\Osmooth}{{\Omega^{\infty}(X,*)}} \newcommand{\ghomotop}{{\rho_2^{\square}}} \newcommand{\gcalp}{{\mathbb G(\mathcal P)}} \newcommand{\rf}{{R_{\mathcal F}}} \newcommand{\glob}{{\rm glob}} \newcommand{\loc}{{\rm loc}} \newcommand{\TOP}{{\rm TOP}} \newcommand{\wti}{\widetilde} \newcommand{\what}{\widehat} \renewcommand{\a}{\alpha} \newcommand{\be}{\beta} \newcommand{\ga}{\gamma} \newcommand{\Ga}{\Gamma} \newcommand{\de}{\delta} \newcommand{\del}{\partial} \newcommand{\ka}{\kappa} \newcommand{\si}{\sigma} \newcommand{\ta}{\tau} \newcommand{\lra}{{\longrightarrow}} \newcommand{\ra}{{\rightarrow}} \newcommand{\rat}{{\rightarrowtail}} \newcommand{\oset}[1]{\overset {#1}{\ra}} \newcommand{\osetl}[1]{\overset {#1}{\lra}} \newcommand{\hr}{{\hookrightarrow}} \subsection{Elementary Theory of Abstract Categories (ETAC)} \emph{ETAC} is the acronym for Lawvere's `elementary theory of abstract categories' which provides an axiomatic construction of the theory of categories and functors that was extended to the \emph{axiomatic theory of supercategories}. The ETAC axioms are listed next. \begin{definition} \emph{ETAC axioms}, (\cite{LW2}): 0. For any letters $x, y, u, A, B$, and \emph{unary function} symbols $\Delta_0$ and $\Delta_1$, and \emph{composition law} $\Gamma$, the following are defined as \emph{formulas}: $\Delta_0 (x) = A$, $\Delta_1 (x) = B$, $\Gamma (x,y;u)$, and $ x = y$; These formulas are to be, respectively, interpreted as ``$A$ is the domain of $x$", ``$B$ is the codomain, or range, of $x$", ``$u$ is the composition $x$ followed by $y$", and ``$x$ equals $y$". 1. If $\Phi$ and $\Psi$ are formulas, then ``$[\Phi]$ and $[\Psi]$'' , ``$[\Phi]$ or$[\Psi]$'', ``$[\Phi] \Rightarrow [\Psi]$'', and ``$[not \Phi]$'' are also formulas. 2. If $\Phi$ is a formula and $x$ is a letter, then ``$ \forall x[\Phi]$'', ``$ \exists x[\Phi]$'' are also formulas. 3. A string of symbols is a formula in ETAC iff it follows from the above axioms 0 to 2. A \emph{sentence} is then defined as any formula in which every occurrence of each letter $x$ is within the scope of a quantifier, such as $\forall x$ or $\exists x $. The \emph{theorems} of ETAC are defined as all those sentences which can be derived through logical inference from the following ETAC axioms: 4. $\Delta_i(\Delta_j(x))=\Delta_j(x)$ for $i,j = 0, 1$. 5a. $\Gamma(x,y;u)$ and $\Gamma(x,y;u')\Rightarrow u = u'$. 5b. $ \exists u [\Gamma(x,y;u)] \Rightarrow \Delta_1(x) = \Delta_0(y)$; 5c. $\Gamma(x,y;u) \Rightarrow \Delta_0(u) = \Delta_0(x)$ and $\Delta_1(u) = \Delta_1(y)$. 6. Identity axiom: $ \Gamma(\Delta_0 (x), x;x)$ and $ \Gamma(x, \Delta_1 (x);x)$ yield always the same result. 7. Associativity axiom: $\Gamma(x,y;u)$ and $\Gamma(y,z;w)$ and $\Gamma(x,w;f)$ and $\Gamma(u,z;g)\Rightarrow f = g $. With these axioms in mind, one can see that commutative diagrams can be now regarded as certain \textit{abbreviated} formulas corresponding to systems of equations such as: $\Delta_0(f) = \Delta_0(h) = A$, $\Delta_1(f) = \Delta_0(g) = B$, $\Delta_1(g) = \Delta_1(h) = C$ and $\Gamma(f,g;h)$, instead of $g\circ f = h$ for the arrows f, g, and h, drawn respectively between the `objects' A, B and C, thus forming a `triangular commutative diagram' in the usual sense of category theory. Compared with the ETAC formulas such diagrams have the advantage of a geometric--intuitive image of their equivalent underlying equations. The common property of A of being an object is written in shorthand as the abbreviated formula Obj(A) standing for the following three equations: 8a. $A = \Delta_0(A) = \Delta_1(A)$, 8b. $ \exists x[A = \Delta_0 (x)] \exists y[A = \Delta_1 (y)]$, and 8c. $\forall x \forall u [\Gamma (x,A; u)\Rightarrow x = u]$ and $ \forall y \forall v [\Gamma (A,y; v)] \Rightarrow y = v$ . Intuitively, with this terminology and axioms a \textit{category} is meant to be any structure which is a direct interpretation of ETAC. A \textit{functor} is then understood to be a \textit{triple} consisting of two such categories and of a rule F (`the functor') which assigns to each arrow or morphism $x$ of the first category, a unique morphism, written as `$F(x)$' of the second category, in such a way that the usual two conditions on both objects and arrows in the standard functor definition are fulfilled (see for example \cite {ICBM})-- the functor is well behaved, it carries object identities to image object identities, and commutative diagrams to image commmutative diagrams of the corresponding image objects and image morphisms. At the next level, one then defines \emph{natural transformations} or \emph{functorial morphisms} between functors as metalevel abbreviated formulas and equations pertaining to commutative diagrams of the distinct images of two functors acting on both objects and morphisms. As the name indicates natural transformations are also well--behaved in terms of the ETAC equations satisfied. \end{definition} \begin{thebibliography}{9} \bibitem{BS} R. Brown and C.B. Spencer: Double groupoids and crossed modules, \emph{Cahiers Top. G\'eom.Diff.} \textbf{17} (1976), 343--362. \bibitem{LW1} W.F. Lawvere: 1963. Functorial Semantics of Algebraic Theories. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 50: 869--872 \bibitem{LW2} W. F. Lawvere: 1966. The Category of Categories as a Foundation for Mathematics. , In Proc. Conf. Categorical Algebra--L Jolla, 1965, Eilenberg, S et al., eds. Springer --Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg and New York, pp. 1--20. \end{thebibliography} "ETAC" is owned by bci1.