GluonsAndQCDQuarks 2009-01-30 05:31:10 2009-01-30 05:41:13 Topic fermions bosons nucleons hadrons nucleons baryons valence quarks sea quarks mesons Yukawa model flavors color charges charm quarks gluons and QCD color confinement color `charge' Gell-Mann–Zweig model Sheldon Lee Glashow and James Bjorken % this is the default PlanetPhysics preamble. as your knowledge % of TeX increases, you will probably want to edit this, but % it should be fine as is for beginners. % almost certainly you want these \usepackage{amsmath, amssymb, amsfonts, amsthm, amscd, latexsym, enumerate} \usepackage{xypic, xspace} \usepackage[mathscr]{eucal} \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx} \usepackage[curve]{xy} % define commands here \theoremstyle{plain} \newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}[section] \newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}[section] \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section] \newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[section] \theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{definition}{Definition}[section] 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\newcommand{\si}{\sigma} \newcommand{\ta}{\tau} \newcommand{\lra}{{\longrightarrow}} \newcommand{\ra}{{\rightarrow}} \newcommand{\rat}{{\rightarrowtail}} \newcommand{\ovset}[1]{\overset {#1}{\ra}} \newcommand{\ovsetl}[1]{\overset {#1}{\lra}} \newcommand{\hr}{{\hookrightarrow}} \newcommand{\<}{{\langle}} %\newcommand{\>}{{\rangle}} %\usepackage{geometry, amsmath,amssymb,latexsym,enumerate} %\usepackage{xypic} \def\baselinestretch{1.1} \hyphenation{prod-ucts} %\grpeometry{textwidth= 16 cm, textheight=21 cm} \newcommand{\sqdiagram}[9]{$$ \diagram #1 \rto^{#2} \dto_{#4}& #3 \dto^{#5} \\ #6 \rto_{#7} & #8 \enddiagram \eqno{\mbox{#9}}$$ } \def\C{C^{\ast}} \newcommand{\labto}[1]{\stackrel{#1}{\longrightarrow}} %\newenvironment{proof}{\noindent {\bf Proof} }{ \hfill $\Box$ %{\mbox{}} \newcommand{\quadr}[4] {\begin{pmatrix} & #1& \\[-1.1ex] #2 & & #3\\[-1.1ex]& #4& \end{pmatrix}} \def\D{\mathsf{D}} \begin{thebibliography}{99} \bibitem{BR2k0} ``Quark (subatomic particle)''. in \PMlinkexternal{Encyclopedia Britannica}. {http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/486323/quark.} \bibitem{RN2k9} R.Nave. ``Confinement of Quarks''. HyperPhysics. ($http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html$)., Georgia State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy. \bibitem{RN2k9} R.Nave. ``Quarks''. HyperPhysics. ($http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html$). \bibitem{BC-PG2k9} B. Carithers, P. Grannis. ``Discovery of the Top Quark'' (PDF). Beam Line(SLAC).($http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/beamline/25/3/25-3-carithers.pdf$). \bibitem{BED69} E.D. Bloom (1969).``High-Energy Inelastic e-p Scattering at 6 and 10 deg.''. {\em Physical Review Letters} 23 (16): 930–934. $doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.930.$ \bibitem{BR69} R. Breidenbach (1969). ``Observed Behavior of Highly Inelastic Electron-Proton Scattering''. {\em Physical Review Letters} 23 (16): 935–939. $d oi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.935.$ \bibitem{KH-PXY98} Ho-Kim, X.-Y. Phạm (1998). Elementary Particles and Their Interactions: Concepts and Phenomena. Springer. $ISBN 3540636676$. \bibitem{BJ97} J. Barrow (1997). ``The Singularity and Other Problems. The Origin of the Universe'' (Reprint ed.). Basic Books. $ISBN 978-0465053148$. \bibitem{WSM98} S.S.M. Wong (1998). {\em Introductory Nuclear Physics} (2nd ed.). Wiley Interscience. $ISBN 0-471-23973-9$. \bibitem{MGN64} M. Gell-Mann (1964). ``A Schematic of Baryons and Mesons''. {\em Physics Letters} 8 (3): 214–215. $doi:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3$. \bibitem{ZG64} G. Zweig (1964). ``An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking''. CERN Report $No.8181/Th 8419$. \bibitem{ZG64} G. Zweig (1964). ``An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking: II''. CERN Report $No.8419/Th 8412$. \bibitem{SKW2k4} K.W. Staley (2004). The Evidence for the Top Quark. Cambridge University Press. $ISBN 0521827108$. \bibitem{PA84} A. Pickering (1984). Constructing Quarks. University of Chicago Press. \bibitem{BJB-GSL64} B.J. Bjorken, S.L. Glashow (1964). ``Elementary Particles and SU(4)''. Physics Letters 11 (3): 255. $doi:10.1016/0031-9163(64)90433-0$. \bibitem{FJI2k9} J.I. Friedman. ``The Road to the Nobel Prize''. Hue University.($http://www.hueuni.edu.vn/hueuni/en/news_detail.php?NewsID=1606\&PHPSESSID=909807ffc5b9c0288cc8d137ff063c72$) \bibitem{FPR69} R.P. Feynman (1969).``Very High-Energy Collisions of Hadrons''. Physical Review Letters 23 (24): 1415--1417.$http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v23/i24/p1415-1$. \bibitem{KSetal2k4} S. Kretzer et al. (2004). ``CTEQ6 Parton Distributions with Heavy Quark Mass Effects''. Physical Review D69 (11): 114005. $arΧiv:0307022v1$. \bibitem{GDJ87} D.J. Griffiths (1987). Introduction to Elementary Particles. John Wiley and Sons. $ISBN 0-471-60386-4$. \bibitem{GSLetal70} S.L. Glashow, J. Iliopoulos, L. Maiani (1970).``Weak Interactions with Lepton--Hadron Symmetry''. Physical Review.D,2(7):1285--1292.($http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v2/i7/p1285_1$). \bibitem{MKTM73} M. Kobayashi, T. Maskawa (1973). ``CP--Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction''. Progress of Theoretical Physics 49(2): pp.652--657.($http://ptp.ipap.jp/link?PTP/49/652/pdf$). \bibitem{BNL} ``New Precision Measurement of Top Quark Mass''. BNL News. ($http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/PR_display.asp?prID=04-66$). \bibitem{JJ39} J. Joyce (1982) [1939]. Finnegans Wake. Penguin Books. p. 383. $LCCN 59-354. ISBN 0-14-00-6286-6$. \bibitem{MGM95} M. Gell-Mann (1995). The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex. Owl Books. \bibitem{ACetal2k8} C. Amsler et al. (2008). ``Review of Particle Physics: New Charmonium-like States''. Physics Letters (Particle Data Group) B667 (1): 1–1340. ($http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/reviews/rpp2008-rev-new-charmonium-like-states.pdf$). \bibitem{SEV2k4} E.V. Shuryak (2004). The QCD Vacuum, Hadrons and Superdense Matter. World Scientific. \bibitem{PBetal2k2} B. Povh et al. (2004). Particles and Nuclei. Springer. $ISBN 3540201688. OCLC 53001447$. \bibitem{DW2k2} W. Demtröder (2002). Atoms, Molecules and Photons: An Introduction to Atomic- Molecular- and Quantum Physics (1st ed.). Springer. pp. 39–42. ISBN 3540206310. \bibitem{MP2k8} ``Weak Interactions'' -Written at Menlo Park (CA). Virtual Visitor Center. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. 2008.($http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/weakinteract.html$) \bibitem{BG-MG2k7} C. Burgess, G. Moore (2007). The Standard Model. A Primer. Cambridge University Press. $ISBN 0-521-86036-9$. \bibitem{WA2k4} A. Watson (2004). The Quantum Quark. Cambridge University Press. $ISBN 0521829070$. \bibitem{ACetal2k8} C. Amsler et al. (2008). ``Review of Particle Physics: Quarks''. \PMlinkexternal{Physics Letters (Particle Data Group) B667 (1): 1–1340.}{http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/tables/rpp2008-sum-quarks.pdf}. \bibitem{CF2k3} F. Canelli. ``The Top Quark: Worth its Weight in Gold''. University of Rochester. ($http://conferences.fnal.gov/lp2003/forthepublic/topquark/index.html$) \bibitem{HW32} W. Heisenberg (1932). ``\"{U}ber den Bau der Atomkerne I, II, III. Zeitschrift für Physik 77: 1–11; 78: 156–164; 80: 587–596 (in German) \bibitem{Wu-HP91} T. Wu, W.--Y. Pauchy Hwang (1991). Relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum fields. World Science. $ISBN 9810206089$. \bibitem{GFk8} F. Garberson (2008). \PMlinkexternal{``Top Quark Mass and Cross Section Results from the Tevatron''.}{arΧiv: 0808.0273v1} \bibitem{RP88} P. Renton (1988). Electroweak Interactions. Cambridge University Press. p. 332. ISBN 0521366925. \bibitem{FRP85} R.P. Feynman (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter (1st ed.). Princeton University Press. \bibitem{WCY94} C.-Y. Wong (1994). Introduction to High--energy Heavy--ion Collisions. World Scientific. p. 149. $ISBN 9810202636$. \bibitem{PDH2k} D.H. Perkins (2000). Introduction to High Energy Physics. Cambridge University Press. $ISBN 0521621968$. \bibitem{MKk8} 2008 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Makoto Kobayashi \bibitem{TMk8} 2008 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Toshihide Maskawa \bibitem{SCCT76} 1976 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Samuel C.C. Ting \bibitem{BR76} 1976 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Burton Richter \bibitem{MGM69} 1969 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Murray Gell-Man \end{thebibliography}