DoubleGroupoidGeometry 2010-01-28 01:50:15 2010-01-28 01:50:15 Definition HomotopyDoubleGroupoid2 % almost certainly you want these \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amsfonts} % define commands here \usepackage{amsmath, amssymb, amsfonts, amsthm, amscd, latexsym, enumerate} \usepackage{xypic, xspace} \usepackage[mathscr]{eucal} \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx} \usepackage[curve]{xy} \theoremstyle{plain} \newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}[section] \newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}[section] \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section] \newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[section] \theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{definition}{Definition}[section] \newtheorem{example}{Example}[section] %\theoremstyle{remark} \newtheorem{remark}{Remark}[section] \newtheorem*{notation}{Notation} \newtheorem*{claim}{Claim} \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\ensuremath{\fnsymbol{footnote}}} \numberwithin{equation}{section} \newcommand{\Ad}{{\rm Ad}} \newcommand{\Aut}{{\rm Aut}} \newcommand{\Cl}{{\rm Cl}} \newcommand{\Co}{{\rm Co}} \newcommand{\DES}{{\rm DES}} \newcommand{\Diff}{{\rm Diff}} \newcommand{\Dom}{{\rm Dom}} \newcommand{\Hol}{{\rm Hol}} \newcommand{\Mon}{{\rm Mon}} \newcommand{\Hom}{{\rm Hom}} \newcommand{\Ker}{{\rm Ker}} \newcommand{\Ind}{{\rm Ind}} \newcommand{\IM}{{\rm Im}} \newcommand{\Is}{{\rm Is}} \newcommand{\ID}{{\rm id}} \newcommand{\grpL}{{\rm GL}} \newcommand{\Iso}{{\rm Iso}} \newcommand{\rO}{{\rm O}} \newcommand{\Sem}{{\rm Sem}} \newcommand{\SL}{{\rm Sl}} \newcommand{\St}{{\rm St}} \newcommand{\Sym}{{\rm Sym}} \newcommand{\Symb}{{\rm Symb}} \newcommand{\SU}{{\rm SU}} \newcommand{\Tor}{{\rm Tor}} \newcommand{\U}{{\rm U}} \newcommand{\A}{\mathcal A} \newcommand{\Ce}{\mathcal C} \newcommand{\D}{\mathcal D} \newcommand{\E}{\mathcal E} \newcommand{\F}{\mathcal F} %\newcommand{\grp}{\mathcal G} \renewcommand{\H}{\mathcal H} \renewcommand{\cL}{\mathcal L} \newcommand{\Q}{\mathcal Q} \newcommand{\R}{\mathcal R} \newcommand{\cS}{\mathcal S} \newcommand{\cU}{\mathcal U} \newcommand{\W}{\mathcal W} \newcommand{\bA}{\mathbb{A}} \newcommand{\bB}{\mathbb{B}} \newcommand{\bC}{\mathbb{C}} \newcommand{\bD}{\mathbb{D}} \newcommand{\bE}{\mathbb{E}} \newcommand{\bF}{\mathbb{F}} \newcommand{\bG}{\mathbb{G}} \newcommand{\bK}{\mathbb{K}} \newcommand{\bM}{\mathbb{M}} \newcommand{\bN}{\mathbb{N}} \newcommand{\bO}{\mathbb{O}} \newcommand{\bP}{\mathbb{P}} \newcommand{\bR}{\mathbb{R}} \newcommand{\bV}{\mathbb{V}} \newcommand{\bZ}{\mathbb{Z}} \newcommand{\bfE}{\mathbf{E}} \newcommand{\bfX}{\mathbf{X}} \newcommand{\bfY}{\mathbf{Y}} \newcommand{\bfZ}{\mathbf{Z}} \renewcommand{\O}{\Omega} \renewcommand{\o}{\omega} \newcommand{\vp}{\varphi} \newcommand{\vep}{\varepsilon} \newcommand{\diag}{{\rm diag}} \newcommand{\grp}{{\mathsf{G}}} \newcommand{\dgrp}{{\mathsf{D}}} \newcommand{\desp}{{\mathsf{D}^{\rm{es}}}} \newcommand{\grpeod}{{\rm Geod}} %\newcommand{\grpeod}{{\rm geod}} \newcommand{\hgr}{{\mathsf{H}}} \newcommand{\mgr}{{\mathsf{M}}} \newcommand{\ob}{{\rm Ob}} \newcommand{\obg}{{\rm Ob(\mathsf{G)}}} \newcommand{\obgp}{{\rm Ob(\mathsf{G}')}} \newcommand{\obh}{{\rm Ob(\mathsf{H})}} \newcommand{\Osmooth}{{\Omega^{\infty}(X,*)}} \newcommand{\grphomotop}{{\rho_2^{\square}}} \newcommand{\grpcalp}{{\mathsf{G}(\mathcal P)}} \newcommand{\rf}{{R_{\mathcal F}}} \newcommand{\grplob}{{\rm glob}} \newcommand{\loc}{{\rm loc}} \newcommand{\TOP}{{\rm TOP}} \newcommand{\wti}{\widetilde} \newcommand{\what}{\widehat} \renewcommand{\a}{\alpha} \newcommand{\be}{\beta} \newcommand{\grpa}{\grpamma} %\newcommand{\grpa}{\grpamma} \newcommand{\de}{\delta} \newcommand{\del}{\partial} \newcommand{\ka}{\kappa} \newcommand{\si}{\sigma} \newcommand{\ta}{\tau} \newcommand{\lra}{{\longrightarrow}} \newcommand{\ra}{{\rightarrow}} \newcommand{\rat}{{\rightarrowtail}} \newcommand{\ovset}[1]{\overset {#1}{\ra}} \newcommand{\ovsetl}[1]{\overset {#1}{\lra}} \newcommand{\hr}{{\hookrightarrow}} \newcommand{\<}{{\langle}} \def\baselinestretch{1.1} \hyphenation{prod-ucts} %\grpeometry{textwidth= 16 cm, textheight=21 cm} \newcommand{\sqdiagram}[9]{$$ \diagram #1 \rto^{#2} \dto_{#4}& #3 \dto^{#5} \\ #6 \rto_{#7} & #8 \enddiagram \eqno{\mbox{#9}}$$ } \def\C{C^{\ast}} \newcommand{\labto}[1]{\stackrel{#1}{\longrightarrow}} %\newenvironment{proof}{\noindent {\bf Proof} }{ \hfill $\Box$ %{\mbox{}} \newcommand{\quadr}[4] {\begin{pmatrix} & #1& \\[-1.1ex] #2 & & #3\\[-1.1ex]& #4& \end{pmatrix}} \def\D{\mathsf{D}} \subsection{Double Groupoids} The geometry of squares and their compositions leads to a common representation of a \emph{double groupoid} in the following form: \begin{equation} \label{squ} \D= \vcenter{\xymatrix @=3pc {S \ar @<1ex> [r] ^{s^1} \ar @<-1ex> [r] _{t^1} \ar @<1ex> [d]^{\, t_2} \ar @<-1ex> [d]_{s_2} & H \ar[l] \ar @<1ex> [d]^{\,t} \ar @<-1ex> [d]_s \\ V \ar [u] \ar @<1ex> [r] ^s \ar @<-1ex> [r] _t & M \ar [l] \ar[u] }} \end{equation} where $M$ is a set of `points', $H,V$ are `horizontal' and `vertical' groupoids, and $S$ is a set of `squares' with two compositions. The laws for a double groupoid make it also describable as a groupoid internal to the category of groupoids. Given two groupoids $H,V$ over a set $M$, there is a double groupoid $\Box(H,V)$ with $H,V$ as horizontal and vertical edge groupoids, and squares given by quadruples \begin{equation} \begin{pmatrix} & h& \\[-0.9ex] v & & v'\\[-0.9ex]& h'& \end{pmatrix} \end{equation} for which we assume always that $h,h' \in H, \, v,v' \in V$ and that the initial and final points of these edges match in $M$ as suggested by the notation, that is for example $sh=sv, th=sv', \ldots$, etc. The compositions are to be inherited from those of $H,V$, that is \begin{equation} \quadr{h}{v}{v'}{h'} \circ_1\quadr{h'}{w}{w'}{h''} =\quadr{h}{vw}{v'w'}{h''}, \;\quadr{h}{v}{v'}{h'} \circ_2\quadr{k}{v'}{v''}{k'}=\quadr{hk}{v}{v''}{h'k'} ~. \end{equation} This construction is right adjoint to the forgetful functor which takes the double groupoid as above, to the pair of groupoids $H,V$ over $M$. Now given a general double groupoid as above, we can define $S\quadr{h}{v}{v'}{h'}$ to be the set of squares with these as horizontal and vertical edges. This allows us to construct for at least a commutative C*--algebra $A$ a double algebroid (i.e. a set with two algebroid structures) \begin{equation} \label{Rsqu} A\D= \vcenter{\xymatrix @=3pc {AS \ar @<1ex> [r] ^{s^1} \ar @<-1ex> [r] _{t^1} \ar @<1ex> [d]^{\, t_2} \ar @<-1ex> [d]_{s_2} & AH \ar[l] \ar @<1ex> [d]^{\,t} \ar @<-1ex> [d]_s \\ AV \ar [u] \ar @<1ex> [r] ^s \ar @<-1ex> [r] _t & M \ar [l] \ar[u] }} \end{equation} for which \begin{equation} AS\quadr{h}{v}{v'}{h'} \end{equation} is the free $A$-module on the set of squares with the given boundary. The two compositions are then bilinear in the obvious sense. Alternatively, we can use the convolution construction $\bar{A}\D$ induced by the convolution C*--algebra over $H$ and $V$. These ideas need further development in the light of the algebra of crossed modules of algebroids, developed in (Mosa, 1986, Brown and Mosa, 1986) as well as crossed cubes of (C*) algebras following Ellis (1988).