PhysicalLaws 2010-11-07 14:53:01 2010-11-07 17:30:55 Topic physical law internal energy energy-momentum tensor Huygen's principle of diffraction Bragg's law Heisenberg Principle energy-mass equivalence principle of constancy of light speed Maxwell's laws Netwon's laws Newton's law of gravitation correspondence principle Maupertuis's principle Hamilton's principle variational principles wave-particle duality principle quantization laws Principle of Corresponding States law physical law physical principle Huygen's principle of diffraction Bragg's law Heisenberg Principle energy-mass equivalence principle of constancy of light speed Maxwell's laws Netwon's laws Newton's law of gravitation correspondence principle Maupertuis's principle Hamilton's principle variational principles wavge-particle duality principle quantization laws principle of corresponding statesPrinciple of Corresponding States \section{The Laws of Physics} This is a new contributed topic summarizing the laws of Physics. \textbf{more to come...} \subsection{Conservation Laws and Symmetry} \subsection{Laws of Classical, Newtonian Mechanics} \begin{itemize} \item Newton's first, second and third laws of motion \item Euler--Lagrange equation \item Conservation of Momentum \item Conservation of mass and energy \item Newton's Law of Gravitation \item Hook's law \end{itemize} \subsection{Principles and Laws of Relativistic Mechanics} \begin{itemize} \item Equivalence of reference systems or coordination frames \item Constancy of the speed of light, $c$ \item Einstein's Equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass \item Einstein's Law of Mass-Energy Equivalence \item Einstein--Hilbert action \item Einstein's field equations (EFEs) \item Einstein--Maxwell equations \item Correspondence principle: Newton's law of gravitation derived from EFEs \item Mach's 'principle', or conjecture \end{itemize} \subsection{Principle and Laws of Optics} \begin{itemize} \item Maupertuis' Principle; Principle of Minimum Action \item Hamilton's Principle \item Snell's Laws \item Huygens's Principle of Diffraction \end{itemize} \subsection{Laws of Electromagnetism and Electrodynamics} \begin{itemize} \item Charge Conservation \item Coulomb's Law \item Amp\'ere's Law \item Faraday's Law \item Kirchhoff law for electrical circuits \item Maxwell's Equations \item Bragg's Law \item Clausius-Mossotti Law \item xxxx \end{itemize} \subsection{Laws of Thermodynamics and Molecular Physics} \begin{itemize} \item Energy Conservation \item Zeroth, First, Second and Third Principles of Thermodynamics: \bigbreak \textbf{Zeroth Law}-defines Temperature: \emph{If a system A is in thermal equilibrium with both systems B and C, then systems B and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other; that is, if A is at the same temperature as both B and C, then B and C have to be at the same temperature, in thermal equilibrium with each other}. \textbf{First Law:} \emph{The change in a system's internal energy is equal to the difference between heat added to the system from its surroundings and work done by the system on its surroundings}; \bigbreak \textbf{Second Law:} \emph{In any process occurring in a closed system the entropy can only increase}; \bigbreak \textbf{Third Law:} \emph{the entropy of any pure crystalline system tends to zero in the limit of temperature approaching zero absolute (i.e., in deg Kelvin)}; also Nernst's law or Nernst heat theorem. \item \textbf{Avogadro's law:} \emph{the number of molecules or atoms in a specific volume of gas is a universal constant, independent of their size or the molecular mass of the gas}; a mol of gas contains always Avogadro's number, $N_A$, of molecules of the gas; $N_A= 6.022 \times 10^{23} mol^{-1}$. \item Clausius--Clapeyron equation \item Van't Hoff equation \item \textbf{Henry's law:} \emph{At constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid}. \item \textbf{Dalton's law} (Dalton's law of partial pressures): \emph{The total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture}. \item Van der Waals equation of state: \textbf{Principle of Corresponding States} \item \textbf{Gibbs--Duhem equation}, or the \emph{Phase Law} \item Maxwell's relations for thermodynamic potentials \item Onsager's Principle; Onsager reciprocal relations \item Stefan--Boltzmann's Law \item Fick's laws of diffusion \item Maxwell---Stefan diffusion \item Churchill-Bernstein Equation \item Raoult's law \end{itemize} First, second and third Principles of Thermodynamics \subsection{Statistical Mechanics} \begin{itemize} \item Maxwell--Boltzmann distribution laws: \item Maxwell---Boltzmann statistics, \item Bose--Einstein statistics, \item Ferm--Dirac statistics, \item Partition function and the Equations of State of a Thermodynamic System \item Schwinger functions and Osterwalder---Schrader theorem in statistical field theory \item Langevin equation \end{itemize} \subsection{Laws of Quantum Mechanics} \begin{itemize} \item Planck's Law and Universal constant, $h$ \item Einstein's Laws of Light Absorption and Emission; Einstein's coefficients \item Law of Photoelectric effect \item Quantization Laws \item First and Second Quantization Principles \item Correspondence Principle \item Wave-Particle Duality (de Broglie) \item Superposition Principle and the quantum Wavefunction \item Uncertainty Principle (Heisenberg) \item Schr"/odinger's Equations \item Hamilton's Principle \item Einstein--Maxwell--Dirac equations (EMD) \item Klein--Fock--Gordon equation \item Rarita--Schwinger equation for spin--3/2 fermions \item Conservation Laws in Spontaneous and Quantum Measurement Processes \item Pauli's Principle for fermions \item Goldstone Theorem \item Kirchhoff's Laws of spectroscopic analysis: Kirchhoff showed that there are three types of spectra emitted by objects: 1) Continuous spectrum -- a solid or liquid body radiates an uninterrupted, smooth spectrum (called a Planck curve); 2) Emission spectrum-- a radiating gas produces a spectrum of discrete spectral lines 3) Absorption spectrum -- a continuous spectrum that passes through a cool gas has specific spectral lines removed (inverse of an emission spectrum) \item Dispersion laws \item Superconductivity principle and Meissner effect \end{itemize} \emph{Principles of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)} \begin{itemize} \item Particle Indistinguishability \item Second Quantization \item Mass--renormalization laws \item Schwinger–-Dyson equation \end{itemize} \subsection{Laws of Atomic and Nuclear Physics} \begin{itemize} \item Lepton conservation laws in electroweak theory \item The Standard Model \item Supersymmetry \item Equivalence of String theories \item Symmetry Breaking and the Higgs theory \item Dispersion laws for Goldstone bosons \end{itemize} \textbf{more to come}...