XRayMicroscope 2010-11-30 19:25:59 2010-11-30 19:34:33 Definition -ray diffraction image reconstruction focused X-ray beams X-ray Microscope X-ray diffraction image reconstruction focused X-ray beams X-ray Microscope An \textbf{X-ray microscope}, or {\em X-ray tomograph} uses electromagnetic radiation in the soft (long wavelength) X-ray region to produce images of tiny objects, such as living cells. Sir Lawrence Bragg produced some of the first usable X-ray images with his apparatus in the late 1940's. Early X-ray microscopes that were built by Paul Kirkpatrick and Albert Baez used grazing-incidence reflective `optics' to focus the X-rays, which grazed X-rays off parabolic, curved mirrors at a very high angle of incidence, in order to avoid total absorption and scattering of the X-ray beam. At the Advanced Light Source (ALS)in Berkeley, CA, ($http://ncxt.lbl.gov$) the X-ray microscope model XM-1 is a complete field soft X-ray microscope operated by the Center for X-ray Optics which is dedicated to various applications in materials sciences and biology, nanoscience, (such as nanomagnetic materials) and environmental sciences. XM-1 utilizes an X-ray `lens' to focus X-rays on a CCD, in a manner superficially similar to an optical or electron microscope. Unlike the latter two types microscopes, however, the X-ray beam of long wavelengths operates with Fresnel zone plates down to 15nm and is thus able to combine moderately high spatial resolution with a sub-100ps time resolution to study ultrafast spin dynamics or fast kinetics. Its successor at ALS, XM-2, is capable of producing 3-dimensional (3D) tomograms of a single cells.